It is based upon the deceptively simple idea that motivation can be dichotomised into hygiene factors and motivation factors and is often referred to as a two need system. When we refer to someone as being motivated, we mean that the person is trying hard to accomplish a certain task. Expectancy theory provides a framework for analyzing work motivation, which is eminently practical. The theory focuses on the content of motivation in the shape of needs.
In process theory, the emphasis is on the psychological processes or forces that affect motivation, as well as on basic needs. There are two different categories of motivation theories such as content theories, and process theories. Nov 08, 2014 content theory mcgregors theory x and theory y theory x. Two such theories are expectancy theory and equity theory. The only difference was that he didnt consider hierarchy to manifest needs. We will use here a modified version of this classification. Both these hypotheses are connected with motivation.
Content theory meaning in the cambridge english dictionary. Week 3 difference between a content and process theory. Employees can view work as natural, are creative, can be selfmotivated, and appreciate responsibility erg theory motivation hygiene theory mcclellands theory of needs 9. They explain the specific factors that motivate behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move hence, motivate toward the satisfaction of individual needs. The work motivation theories can be broadly classified as content theories and process theories. The main difference between maslow and herzbergs theory of motivation lies in the basis. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. Adams equity show more content an example is that an employee with large income is less likely to be motivated by money, and will be highly motivated by career development and social needs.
According to maslow, human needs from hierarchy, starting at the bottom with the physiological needs and reaching to the highest needs of self actualization. Content theories of motivation principles of management. Content theory mcgregors theory x and theory y theory x. Content theory explains why human needs change with time. Content and process theories of motivation youtube. The theory says motivation depends on a comparison to others, called a referent. While process theories focus on how something happens, variance theories focus on why something happens. Herzbergs two factor theory, also known as the motivationhygiene theory, was derived from a study designed to test the concept that people have two sets of needs. Merriamwebster online dictionary says that motivation is the act or process of motivating, the condition of being motivated, a motivating for a stimulus or influence, incentive, drive. These theories provide insight into what motivates people to act a certain way in a particular setting and are popular in business management. These theories focus on the mechanism by which we choose a target, and the effort that we exert to hit the target. Process theories try to explain how people initiate, direct and maintain their.
In the field of organizational behavioral studies, there are two different categories called content theories also known as need theory and process theories. Theory of existence, relatedness and growth needs clayton alderfer proposed a theory in response to the criticisms to maslows theory. This theory of motivation is known as a two factor content theory. Maslows need hierarchy theoryherzberg two factor theoryerg theoryachievement motivation theory process theories. Porterlawler theory is similar to the expectancy theory of motivation in that they agree with the premise that an individual is motivated to complete an action based on what they expect to receive upon completion. These two separate needs are the need to avoid unpleasantness and discomfort and. In this section, we will look at the four content theories of motivation that dominate organizational thinking today. Whereas the content theories concentrate on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the issues relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as factors that determine the degree of effort, the continuation of effort, the modification of effort, etc. Motivation theories are classified as either content or process. This article also demonstrates on how process theories have been reduced to the content theories under the situation of criticism. What is the difference between the content and process. The content and process theories of motivation provide human resource managers with the basic understanding of personal needs deficiencies, and how these needs can be transformed into motivated behavior.
According to this theory motivation of any individual depends on the desired goal and strength of his. Process theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables, which make up motivation. Content theory includes the work of david mcclelland, abraham maslow and other psychologists as they attempted to explain why human needs change, but not how they change. What is the difference between content and process theory. In other words, certain things, which herzberg called hygiene factors, could. The report will describe that how some process theories under the criticism have been reduced to content theories. Herzbergs motivationhygiene theory twofactor theory frederick herzberg felt that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction do not exist on the same continuum, but on dual scales. An effective way of getting attention, the first building block of the arcs theory is through the collaborative projects and different methods of presentation. A process theory is a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and develops. Victor vrooms expectancy theory of motivation an evaluation. Drivereduction theory when the instinct theory of motivation failed to explain most human motivation, it was replaced by the drivereduction theory.
Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that. Motivation theory 2 vrooms expectancy theory of motivation. It is important to know and understand the differences in a workplace setting so managers can motivate their employees to do a good job. While process theories focus on how something happens, variance theories. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need hull, 1951. The distinction between content and process theories. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. Content theories of motivation also referred to as needs theories focus on the needs that motivate behavior. The content theory of motivation, also known as need theory mainly focuses on the internal factors that energise and direct human behavior. Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Process theories are often contrasted with variance theories, that is, systems of ideas that explain the variance in a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables. Motivation the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goaldirected behavior.
Content theories focus on factors within the individual that lead to motivation. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation. We can also have process theories, which are concerned with the thought processes that influence our behaviour.
Process theories are concerned with the thought processes that influence behaviour. The content theories are concerned with identifying the needs that people have and how needs are prioritized. Describe a content theory of motivation, and compare and contrast the main content theories of motivation. It had considerable similarity with theory of hierarchy of needs. The article contain the various motivational theories like content theories of maslows theory of needs hierarchy, herzbergs theory of twofactor, theory of. It is also known as cognitive theory because it is concerned with. Mar 11, 2016 process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory argues that the behaviour that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated. The arcs theory integrates several motivational concepts such as the expectancyvalue theory, attribution theory, selfefficacy theory, social learning theory, and environmental theories. This phenomenon is known as the frustrationregression process. Expectancy theory is a theory first developed by victor vroom in 1964 and later developed by. Contemporary theories of motivation cognitive evaluation theory goal setting theory self efficacy theory reinforcement theory equity theory expectancy theory 2. Start studying content and process theories of motivation. The content theories of motivation in a historical perspective, the content theories tend to be the earliest theories of motivation or later modifications of early theories.
Motivation is one of the forces that lead to performance. A classic taxonomy of motivation theories is to group them into two main sets. None of these theories have been conclusively shown to be. Theories of motivation motivation training from epm. Content and process theories of motivation quizlet.
Where the content theories focus on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the matters relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as the aspects that determine the degree of effort. Vroom theorized that even though the goals of individuals may differ, they can be motivated to act together toward a common goal if certain circumstances are put in. The expectancy theory according to yale business professor victor vroom, motivation is the result of conscious choices we make that will either maximize pleasure or minimize pain. Process theories of motivation linkedin slideshare. Equity theory, expectancy theory and the porterlawler model comes under the process theories of motivation. The works of skinner are cited most often in connection with the reinforcement theory. Process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory argues that the behaviour that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated. Maslows theory is a general theory on motivation which expresses that the urge to satisfy needs is the principle variable in motivation. Introduction to motivational theory, content theory and. The main difference between content and process theories is that content theory focuses on individual needs, while process theory focuses on behavior. Process theories place emphasis on the actual process of motivation. It is regarded as one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. Introduction to motivational theory, content theory and process.
In contrast, herzbergs theory on motivation reveals that there are a number of variables existing at the workplace that results in job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Therefore, the managers should understand the process of motivation. Jul 09, 2017 the process theories mainly imply that individual choices are based on preferences, reward factors and sense of accomplishment. It provides a checklist of factors to be considered in any managerial situation and it points to the links between the relevant factors and the direction, which these factors tend. Process and content theory of motivation and how they. They are concerned with types of incentives that drive people to attain need fulfillment. The expectancy theory looks at motivation in a more comprehensive and realisticthan some of the other theories. A process theory define motivation as a rational cognitive process occurring within the individual e. Processbased theories of motivation principles of management. The employee compares his input and output to colleagues, someone at another. Within the work environment they have had the greatest impact on management practice and policy, whilst within academic circles they are the least accepted.
This is an individual assignment task where in an analysis needs to be made for the difference between a content theory and a process theory of motivation. What is the difference between content process theories of. Content theories of motivation are one of the types of motivation theory. Explain the difference between content theories of motivation and process theories of motivation. Difference between content theory and process theory. Process theories of motivation written by marla rosen thursday, 05 may 2011 10. Management concepts and organisational behaviour module. Oct 26, 2014 content theory vs process theory difference between content theory and process theory is that, content theory emphasizes on the reasons for changing the human needs frequently while process theory focuses on the psychological processes which affect motivation, with regard to the expectations, goals, and perceptions of equity. Nature and characteristics of the expectancy theory the expectancy theory of motivation as developed by victor vroom is a process theory of motivation and it finds an important place in the literature of motivational theories. The term motivation theory is concerned with the processes that describe why and how human behavior is activated and directed. These theories are more concerned with how behavior is initiated, directed and sustained. In this report theories of various authors have been analyzed including maslows theory, herzbergs.
The process theories mainly imply that individual choices are based on preferences, reward factors and sense of accomplishment. Content theories focus on factors within the individual that. Process theories of motivation organizational behavior. In general, process based theories take the mental processes of employees into account as a way to understand their motivation.