Purpose this manual can be used for preliminary selection, steam and cooling water planning for steam turbines in basic and detail engineering stages. Turbine is a rotary engine that converts the energy of a moving stream of water, steam, or gas into mechanical energy. Both impulse and reaction turbines have steam inlet nozzles. New designed nozzle ring for a alstom 10 mw condense turbine workshop. Parts and its functions of wind turbine gear wind turbine. Varma turbine parts will be less prone to rust, erosion, wear and tear. Steam turbine and steam nozzle interview question and. For low and moderate inlet steam pressure up to 120 bar, a single shell. In this way the power produced by the turbine can be varied. The steam turbine operates under high steam pressures, and has a number of moving parts.
Load demand, financial pressures and aging steam turbine generators have created the need to extend longevity and reliability. Hga excess air discharge flue gas temperature main steam condition reheat back pressure lhv. Basically, a steam turbine is used in steam power plants to expand high pressure steam to low pressure. In a typical turbine setup, fuel is consumed at one end of the system to generate heat. Nuclear and coal based thermal power plants together produce almost half of the worlds power. Boiler, turbine, condenser, pump, carnot cycle for steam, disadvantages of carnot cycle application, rankine cycle and. Steam turbine types steam turbine types based on blade geometry and energy conversion process are.
What is the axial thrust and the diagram efficiency. Consider the steam turbine shown in the cycle above. The principle of operation of a dc generator is similar to that of the ac generator, which was discussed previously. The owners operating mode and practices will determine how each factor is weighted. It includes heat exchange and energy conversion equipment. Its modern manifestation was invented by charles parsons in 1884. In this article, we will discuss steam turbine basic parts.
The primary factors that affect the maintenance planning process are shown in figure 1. Fault detection and isolation based on neural networks case. Industrial motor control sixth edition by stephen l. A consequence of these changes is heatingup of turbine components, mainly in. The diesel engine and the petrol engine is the common example of an internal combustion engine. In noncondensing turbines or backpressure turbines, steam exhausts at a pressure greater than atmospheric. Fundamentals of gas turbine engines introduction the gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. This rotation energy is then transferred through the center housing and into the. Varma turbines will arrest all leakages of steam, gas and water in respective turbines.
Boiler, turbine, condenser, pump, carnot cycle for steam, disadvantages of carnot cycle application. Knowing about steam engine parts, make you familiar with the steam engine. Boiler, turbine, condenser, pump, carnot cycle for steam, disadvantages of. Working principle of steam turbine pt hyprowira adhitama. In principle they are far simpler than cylinder engines, steam being merely directed at a suitable angle on to specially shaped vanes attached to a revolving drum and shaft. Steam turbine generator steam turbine parts and functions pdf. The casing shape and construction details depend on whether it is a high pressure hp or low pressure lp casings. Despite efforts to develop alternative energy converters, electricity from steam will continue, for many years, to provide the power that energizes the united states and world economies. The function of the steam turbine generator is to convert the thermal energy of the steam from the steam generator to electrical energy. Steam turbine is device where kinetic energy heat converted into mechanical energy in shape of rotation. Its modern manifestation was invented by charles parsons in 1884 the steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of.
Operation and maintenance schedule of a steam turbine. Provides basic theory and detailed description of large electrical generators. Steam power plant cycles simple vapor cycle and its components. There are two classical types of turbine stage designs. We operate on a simple philosophy of predictive maintenance. Feb 16, 2017 this feature is not available right now.
Steam turbines the simplest singledisc steam turbine consists of the following parts shaft. The steam turbines are widely used in power generation, refineries and petrochemical industries. Since then turbines based on these principles have evolved in parallel and in fact merged to some degree. To supply high velocity jet of steam in steam turbine. Aug 19, 20 a condenser installed at the exhaust or low pressure end of the turbine receives and condenses the steam prior to it being pumped back to the boiler. Pdf power plant lecture notes chapter2 steam power. To inject feed water in to the boiler in a steam injector. The first steam turbine used for power generation was invented in 1884. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid air to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane. Steam turbine basic parts mechanical engineering site.
The shaft along with the disc mounted upon it comprises the most important part of the turbine and is known as the rotor, which is housed in the turbine casing. Steam turbine controls heinzmann australia steam turbine controls comprise of the following features. We used this turbine as our main target for the purpose of this analysis. With the casing, the steam turbine component is not directly exposed. There are eight components of a steam turbine, namely. The performance of the steam turbine is governed by the losses occurred in it. Constant improvements in design and manufacturing are adopted in our spare parts processing, thereby enhancing its reliability. Pdf power plant lecture notes chapter2 steam power plant.
Usually, the source of the kinetic energy is steam, although it can sometimes be water. Steam turbines lie at the heart of these power plants. This course describes basic steam turbine fundamentals associated with impulse and reactiontype turbines. The steam inlet nozzles are arranged in several groups with all but the main group having control valves. Heavyduty gas turbine operating and maintenance considerations repairs, and downtime.
Steam then leaves the turbine and is utilized in other parts. A turbocharger is composed of 3 basic parts, a compressor, a turbine, and a center housing. Disc with moving blades fixed blades on its periphery. The qualityinspection procedures applicable for spare parts are the same as that of the turbine manufacturing process. This provides a follow up of basic engineering cycles with applications to conventional power plants. The operation of reaction turbines is described by newtons third law of motion action and reaction are equal and opposite. Mathematical model for digital simulation of steam turbine set dynamics and online turbine load distribution institute of heat engineering, warsaw university of technology, nowowiejska 25, 00665 warsaw, poland abstract the general structure and purposes of the distributed control systems dcs are reminded in. It provides an oil film it removes heat generated in the bearings. Introduction to gas turbines for nonengineers published in the global gas turbine news, volume 37. Engineering and designing of parts is an alternative to original parts from the manufacturer or which are no longer produced. For the specific service of boiler feed water pump drive in thermal power plants, fincantieri has.
Three basic phases can be distinguished in the process of steam turbine unit. Reaction turbines are a type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to the gas or fluids pressure or mass. With a gas turbine the quantity of fuel fed is closedloop controlled e. The steam turbine operates under high steam pressures, and has a number of moving parts that move at extremely high velocities. Hydraulic control systems in gas and steam turbines. After deep investigation, while keeping our focus on the most sensitive parts within the turbine, the weakest and the strongest points of the. Steam turbine performance 3 4 2 1 46 45 44 43 42 41 43 42 41 40 39 % % 1.
Pdf power plant lecture notes chapter4 steam turbine. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple. Steam turbinegenerator overhaul and inspection guidelines. A rotating armature coil passes through a magnetic field that develops between the north and. Operation and maintenance schedule of a steam turbine plant. This manual does not for designing steam turbine and the related parts. Fault detection and isolation based on neural networks. Langston, university of connecticut and george opdyke, jr. The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor with addles, propellers, blades, or buckets arranged on its circumference in. Equation 2 is often referred to as the diagram work per unit mass flow and hence the diagram.
This separation of functions enables steam turbines to operate using a large. A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from variousin an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sentstages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heater to. Nowadays it is replaced by an internal combustion engine. Basic conceptual design of varma turbines there are four types of varma. Parts of steam turbine and its function properties of pure substance and steam power cycle. This element of the turbine machine is common for all turbine machines and is called an impeller, also turbine wheel, rotor, screw or runner. Steamturbine major components is part one of the dresserrand steam products threepart training series this course describes basic steam turbine fundamentals associated with impulse and reactiontype turbines. Excellent text on steam turbine design but now dated as it covers only smaller units. Introduction to turbine machinery university of ljubljana. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and transforms it into mechanical work. Steam turbines consist essentially of a casing to which stationary blades are fixed on the.
In a reaction turbine, the water enters the wheel under pressure and flows over the vanes, as the water, flowing over the vanes, is under. Coal, petroleum, nuclear decay and even the heat of underground geothermal activity are all used to heat water. It also explains all major components associated with a steam turbine, including turbine cases, internal steam path components, safety devices, bearings, seals, and valves. Each of these components together to produce steam in the right amount so that it can be converted into electricity. As the name implies, the casing is used to be the main cover of the parts in the steam turbine. The operating instructions describe the order of executing startup. The output power of the turbine at steady flow condition is.
Mar 31, 2017 nuclear and coal based thermal power plants together produce almost half of the worlds power. Principles of operation of a steam turbinewhen high temperature steam passes through a steam turbine. The steam turbine is used as a power generator by sonelgaz, an algerian company located at cap djinet town in boumerdes district. Steam turbines are one of the most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies still in general production used to drive a generator or mechanical machinery. Mathematical model for digital simulation of steam turbine. The turbine is the section of the turbocharger where the exhaust gases of the engine are forced through to cause the turbine wheel to spin. Key features precise speed governing digital governor functions are fully integrated with generator control functions dual redundant mpu inputs automatic turbine start sequence comprehensive actuator interface support incl.